"""
GPU driver for C kernels
TODO: docs are out of date
There should be a single GPU environment running on the system. This
environment is constructed on the first call to :func:`environment`, and the
same environment is returned on each call.
After retrieving the environment, the next step is to create the kernel.
This is done with a call to :meth:`GpuEnvironment.compile_program`, which
returns the type of data used by the kernel.
Next a :class:`GpuInput` object should be created with the correct kind
of data. This data object can be used by multiple kernels, for example,
if the target model is a weighted sum of multiple kernels. The data
should include any extra evaluation points required to compute the proper
data smearing. This need not match the square grid for 2D data if there
is an index saying which q points are active.
Together the GpuInput, the program, and a device form a :class:`GpuKernel`.
This kernel is used during fitting, receiving new sets of parameters and
evaluating them. The output value is stored in an output buffer on the
devices, where it can be combined with other structure factors and form
factors and have instrumental resolution effects applied.
In order to use OpenCL for your models, you will need OpenCL drivers for
your machine. These should be available from your graphics card vendor.
Intel provides OpenCL drivers for CPUs as well as their integrated HD
graphics chipsets. AMD also provides drivers for Intel CPUs, but as of
this writing the performance is lacking compared to the Intel drivers.
NVidia combines drivers for CUDA and OpenCL in one package. The result
is a bit messy if you have multiple drivers installed. You can see which
drivers are available by starting python and running:
import pyopencl as cl
cl.create_some_context(interactive=True)
Once you have done that, it will show the available drivers which you
can select. It will then tell you that you can use these drivers
automatically by setting the SAS_OPENCL environment variable, which is
PYOPENCL_CTX equivalent but not conflicting with other pyopnecl programs.
Some graphics cards have multiple devices on the same card. You cannot
yet use both of them concurrently to evaluate models, but you can run
the program twice using a different device for each session.
OpenCL kernels are compiled when needed by the device driver. Some
drivers produce compiler output even when there is no error. You
can see the output by setting PYOPENCL_COMPILER_OUTPUT=1. It should be
harmless, albeit annoying.
"""
from __future__ import print_function
import sys
import os
import warnings
import logging
import time
try:
from time import perf_counter as clock
except ImportError: # CRUFT: python < 3.3
if sys.platform.count("darwin") > 0:
from time import time as clock
else:
from time import clock
import numpy as np # type: ignore
# Attempt to setup OpenCL. This may fail if the pyopencl package is not
# installed or if it is installed but there are no devices available.
try:
import pyopencl as cl # type: ignore
from pyopencl import mem_flags as mf
from pyopencl.characterize import get_fast_inaccurate_build_options
# CRUFT: pyopencl<2019.1.2 is breaking on intel drivers for mac
from pyopencl.version import VERSION_TEXT
if sys.platform == 'darwin' and VERSION_TEXT < '2019.1.2':
os.environ['PYOPENCL_NO_CACHE'] = '1'
# Ask OpenCL for the default context so that we know that one exists.
cl.create_some_context(interactive=False)
HAVE_OPENCL = True
OPENCL_ERROR = ""
except Exception as exc:
HAVE_OPENCL = False
OPENCL_ERROR = str(exc)
from . import generate
from .generate import F32, F64
from .kernel import KernelModel, Kernel
# pylint: disable=unused-import
try:
from typing import Tuple, Callable, Any, List, Dict
from .modelinfo import ModelInfo
from .details import CallDetails
except ImportError:
pass
# pylint: enable=unused-import
# CRUFT: pyopencl < 2017.1 (as of June 2016 needs quotes around include path).
[docs]def quote_path(v):
# type: (str) -> str
"""
Quote the path if it is not already quoted.
If v starts with '-', then assume that it is a -I option or similar
and do not quote it. This is fragile: -Ipath with space needs to
be quoted.
"""
return '"'+v+'"' if v and ' ' in v and not v[0] in "\"'-" else v
[docs]def fix_pyopencl_include():
# type: () -> None
"""
Monkey patch pyopencl to allow spaces in include file path.
"""
# pylint: disable=protected-access
import pyopencl
if hasattr(pyopencl, '_DEFAULT_INCLUDE_OPTIONS'):
pyopencl._DEFAULT_INCLUDE_OPTIONS = [
quote_path(v) for v in pyopencl._DEFAULT_INCLUDE_OPTIONS
]
if HAVE_OPENCL:
fix_pyopencl_include()
# The max loops number is limited by the amount of local memory available
# on the device. You don't want to make this value too big because it will
# waste resources, nor too small because it may interfere with users trying
# to do their polydispersity calculations. A value of 1024 should be much
# larger than necessary given that cost grows as npts^k where k is the number
# of polydisperse parameters.
MAX_LOOPS = 2048
# Pragmas for enable OpenCL features. Be sure to protect them so that they
# still compile even if OpenCL is not present.
_F16_PRAGMA = """\
#if defined(__OPENCL_VERSION__) // && !defined(cl_khr_fp16)
# pragma OPENCL EXTENSION cl_khr_fp16: enable
#endif
"""
_F64_PRAGMA = """\
#if defined(__OPENCL_VERSION__) // && !defined(cl_khr_fp64)
# pragma OPENCL EXTENSION cl_khr_fp64: enable
#endif
"""
[docs]def use_opencl():
# type: () -> bool
"""Return True if OpenCL is the default computational engine"""
sas_opencl = os.environ.get("SAS_OPENCL", "OpenCL").lower()
return HAVE_OPENCL and sas_opencl != "none" and not sas_opencl.startswith("cuda")
ENV = None
[docs]def reset_environment():
# type: () -> "GpuEnvironment"
"""
Return a new OpenCL context, such as after a change to SAS_OPENCL.
"""
global ENV
ENV = GpuEnvironment() if use_opencl() else None
return ENV
[docs]def environment():
# type: () -> "GpuEnvironment"
"""
Returns a singleton :class:`GpuEnvironment`.
This provides an OpenCL context and one queue per device.
"""
if ENV is None:
if not HAVE_OPENCL:
raise RuntimeError("OpenCL startup failed with ***"
+ OPENCL_ERROR + "***; using C compiler instead")
reset_environment()
if ENV is None:
raise RuntimeError("SAS_OPENCL=None in environment")
return ENV
[docs]def has_type(device, dtype):
# type: (cl.Device, np.dtype) -> bool
"""
Return true if device supports the requested precision.
"""
if dtype == F32:
return True
elif dtype == F64:
return "cl_khr_fp64" in device.extensions
else:
# Not supporting F16 type since it isn't accurate enough.
return False
[docs]def get_warp(kernel, queue):
# type: (cl.Kernel, cl.CommandQueue) -> int
"""
Return the size of an execution batch for *kernel* running on *queue*.
"""
return kernel.get_work_group_info(
cl.kernel_work_group_info.PREFERRED_WORK_GROUP_SIZE_MULTIPLE,
queue.device)
[docs]def compile_model(context, source, dtype, fast=False):
# type: (cl.Context, str, np.dtype, bool) -> cl.Program
"""
Build a model to run on the gpu.
Returns the compiled program and its type.
Raises an error if the desired precision is not available.
"""
dtype = np.dtype(dtype)
if not all(has_type(d, dtype) for d in context.devices):
raise RuntimeError("%s not supported for devices"%dtype)
source_list = [generate.convert_type(source, dtype)]
if dtype == generate.F16:
source_list.insert(0, _F16_PRAGMA)
elif dtype == generate.F64:
source_list.insert(0, _F64_PRAGMA)
# Note: USE_SINCOS makes the Intel CPU slower under OpenCL.
if context.devices[0].type == cl.device_type.GPU:
source_list.insert(0, "#define USE_SINCOS\n")
options = (get_fast_inaccurate_build_options(context.devices[0])
if fast else [])
source = "\n".join(source_list)
program = cl.Program(context, source).build(options=options)
#print("done with "+program)
return program
# For now, this returns one device in the context.
# TODO: Create a context that contains all devices on all platforms.
[docs]class GpuEnvironment(object):
"""
GPU context for OpenCL, with possibly many devices and one queue per device.
"""
[docs] def __init__(self):
# type: () -> None
# Find gpu context.
context_list = _create_some_context()
# Find a context for F32 and for F64 (maybe the same one).
# F16 isn't good enough.
self.context = {}
for dtype in (F32, F64):
for context in context_list:
if has_type(context.devices[0], dtype):
self.context[dtype] = context
break
else:
self.context[dtype] = None
# Build a queue for each context.
self.queue = {}
context = self.context[F32]
self.queue[F32] = cl.CommandQueue(context, context.devices[0])
if self.context[F64] == self.context[F32]:
self.queue[F64] = self.queue[F32]
elif self.context[F64] is not None:
context = self.context[F64]
self.queue[F64] = cl.CommandQueue(context, context.devices[0])
else:
self.queue[F64] = None
## Byte boundary for data alignment.
#self.data_boundary = max(context.devices[0].min_data_type_align_size
# for context in self.context.values())
# Cache for compiled programs, and for items in context.
self.compiled = {}
[docs] def has_type(self, dtype):
# type: (np.dtype) -> bool
"""
Return True if all devices support a given type.
"""
return self.context.get(dtype, None) is not None
[docs] def compile_program(self, name, source, dtype, fast, timestamp):
# type: (str, str, np.dtype, bool, float) -> cl.Program
"""
Compile the program for the device in the given context.
"""
# Note: PyOpenCL caches based on md5 hash of source, options and device
# but I'll do so as well just to save some data munging time.
tag = generate.tag_source(source)
key = "%s-%s-%s%s"%(name, dtype, tag, ("-fast" if fast else ""))
# Check timestamp on program.
program, program_timestamp = self.compiled.get(key, (None, np.inf))
if program_timestamp < timestamp:
del self.compiled[key]
if key not in self.compiled:
context = self.context[dtype]
logging.info("building %s for OpenCL %s", key,
context.devices[0].name.strip())
program = compile_model(self.context[dtype],
str(source), dtype, fast)
self.compiled[key] = (program, timestamp)
return program
[docs]def _create_some_context():
# type: () -> cl.Context
"""
Protected call to cl.create_some_context without interactivity.
Uses SAS_OPENCL or PYOPENCL_CTX if they are set in the environment,
otherwise scans for the most appropriate device using
:func:`_get_default_context`. Ignore *SAS_OPENCL=OpenCL*, which
indicates that an OpenCL device should be used without specifying
which one (and not a CUDA device, or no GPU).
"""
# Assume we do not get here if SAS_OPENCL is None or CUDA.
sas_opencl = os.environ.get('SAS_OPENCL', 'opencl')
if sas_opencl.lower() != 'opencl':
# Setting PYOPENCL_CTX as a SAS_OPENCL to create cl context.
os.environ["PYOPENCL_CTX"] = sas_opencl
if 'PYOPENCL_CTX' in os.environ:
try:
return [cl.create_some_context(interactive=False)]
except Exception as exc:
# TODO: Should warnings instead be put into logging.warn?
warnings.warn(str(exc))
warnings.warn(
"pyopencl.create_some_context() failed. The environment "
"variable 'SAS_OPENCL' or 'PYOPENCL_CTX' might not be set "
"correctly")
return _get_default_context()
[docs]def _get_default_context():
# type: () -> List[cl.Context]
"""
Get an OpenCL context, preferring GPU over CPU, and preferring Intel
drivers over AMD drivers.
"""
# Note: on mobile devices there is automatic clock scaling if either the
# CPU or the GPU is underutilized; probably doesn't affect us, but we if
# it did, it would mean that putting a busy loop on the CPU while the GPU
# is running may increase throughput.
#
# MacBook Pro, base install:
# {'Apple': [Intel CPU, NVIDIA GPU]}
# MacBook Pro, base install:
# {'Apple': [Intel CPU, Intel GPU]}
# 2 x NVIDIA 295 with Intel and NVIDIA opencl drivers install:
# {'Intel': [CPU], 'NVIDIA': [GPU, GPU, GPU, GPU]}
gpu, cpu = None, None
for platform in cl.get_platforms():
# AMD provides a much weaker CPU driver than Intel/Apple, so avoid it.
# If someone has bothered to install the AMD/NVIDIA drivers, prefer
# them over the integrated graphics driver that may have been supplied
# with the CPU chipset.
preferred_cpu = (platform.vendor.startswith('Intel')
or platform.vendor.startswith('Apple'))
preferred_gpu = (platform.vendor.startswith('Advanced')
or platform.vendor.startswith('NVIDIA'))
for device in platform.get_devices():
if device.type == cl.device_type.GPU:
# If the existing type is not GPU then it will be CUSTOM
# or ACCELERATOR so don't override it.
if gpu is None or (preferred_gpu and gpu.type == cl.device_type.GPU):
gpu = device
elif device.type == cl.device_type.CPU:
if cpu is None or preferred_cpu:
cpu = device
else:
# System has cl.device_type.ACCELERATOR or cl.device_type.CUSTOM
# Intel Phi for example registers as an accelerator.
# Since the user installed a custom device on their system
# and went through the pain of sorting out OpenCL drivers for
# it, lets assume they really do want to use it as their
# primary compute device.
gpu = device
# Order the devices by gpu then by cpu; when searching for an available
# device by data type they will be checked in this order, which means
# that if the gpu supports double then the cpu will never be used (though
# we may make it possible to explicitly request the cpu at some point).
devices = []
if gpu is not None:
devices.append(gpu)
if cpu is not None:
devices.append(cpu)
return [cl.Context([d]) for d in devices]
[docs]class GpuModel(KernelModel):
"""
GPU wrapper for a single model.
*source* and *model_info* are the model source and interface as returned
from :func:`.generate.make_source` and :func:`.modelinfo.make_model_info`.
*dtype* is the desired model precision. Any numpy dtype for single
or double precision floats will do, such as 'f', 'float32' or 'single'
for single and 'd', 'float64' or 'double' for double. Double precision
is an optional extension which may not be available on all devices.
Half precision ('float16','half') may be available on some devices.
Fast precision ('fast') is a loose version of single precision, indicating
that the compiler is allowed to take shortcuts.
"""
info = None # type: ModelInfo
source = "" # type: str
dtype = None # type: np.dtype
fast = False # type: bool
_program = None # type: cl.Program
_kernels = None # type: Dict[str, cl.Kernel]
[docs] def __init__(self, source, model_info, dtype=generate.F32, fast=False):
# type: (Dict[str,str], ModelInfo, np.dtype, bool) -> None
#print("create model", id(self))
self.info = model_info
self.source = source
self.dtype = dtype
self.fast = fast
# TODO: can a model be freed?
[docs] def __getstate__(self):
# type: () -> Tuple[ModelInfo, str, np.dtype, bool]
return self.info, self.source, self.dtype, self.fast
[docs] def __setstate__(self, state):
# type: (Tuple[ModelInfo, str, np.dtype, bool]) -> None
self.info, self.source, self.dtype, self.fast = state
self._program = self._kernels = None
[docs] def make_kernel(self, q_vectors):
# type: (List[np.ndarray]) -> "GpuKernel"
return GpuKernel(self, q_vectors)
[docs] def get_function(self, name):
# type: (str) -> cl.Kernel
"""
Fetch the kernel from the environment by name, compiling it if it
does not already exist.
"""
if self._program is None:
self._prepare_program()
return self._kernels[name]
[docs] def _prepare_program(self):
# type: (str) -> None
env = environment()
timestamp = generate.ocl_timestamp(self.info)
program = env.compile_program(
self.info.name,
self.source['opencl'],
self.dtype,
self.fast,
timestamp)
variants = ['Iq', 'Iqxy', 'Imagnetic']
names = [generate.kernel_name(self.info, k) for k in variants]
functions = [getattr(program, k) for k in names]
self._kernels = {k: v for k, v in zip(variants, functions)}
# Keep a handle to program so GC doesn't collect.
self._program = program
# TODO: Check that we don't need a destructor for buffers which go out of scope.
[docs]class GpuKernel(Kernel):
"""
Callable SAS kernel.
*model* is the GpuModel object to call
The kernel is derived from :class:`.kernel.Kernel`, providing the
*_call_kernel()* method to evaluate the kernel for a given set of
parameters. Because of the need to move the q values to the GPU before
evaluation, the kernel is instantiated for a particular set of q vectors,
and can be called many times without transfering q each time.
Call :meth:`release` when done with the kernel instance.
"""
#: SAS model information structure.
info = None # type: ModelInfo
#: Kernel precision.
dtype = None # type: np.dtype
#: Kernel dimensions (1d or 2d).
dim = "" # type: str
#: Calculation results, updated after each call to *_call_kernel()*.
result = None # type: np.ndarray
q_input = None # type: GpuInput
_result_b = None # type: cl.Buffer
[docs] def __init__(self, model, q_vectors):
# type: (GpuModel, List[np.ndarray]) -> None
#print("create kernel", id(self))
dtype = model.dtype
self.q_input = GpuInput(q_vectors, dtype)
self._model = model
# Attributes accessed from the outside.
self.dim = '2d' if self.q_input.is_2d else '1d'
self.info = model.info
self.dtype = dtype
# Converter to translate input to target type.
self._as_dtype = np.float64 if dtype == generate.F64 else np.float32
# Holding place for the returned value.
nout = 2 if self.info.have_Fq and self.dim == '1d' else 1
extra_q = 4 # Total weight, form volume, shell volume and R_eff.
self.result = np.empty(self.q_input.nq*nout + extra_q, dtype)
# Allocate result value on GPU.
env = environment()
context = env.context[self.dtype]
width = ((self.result.size+31)//32)*32 * self.dtype.itemsize
self._result_b = cl.Buffer(context, mf.READ_WRITE, width)
[docs] def _call_kernel(self, call_details, values, cutoff, magnetic,
radius_effective_mode):
# type: (CallDetails, np.ndarray, float, bool, int) -> None
env = environment()
queue = env.queue[self._model.dtype]
if queue is None:
raise RuntimeError("No support for type %s in OpenCL"
% str(self._model.dtype))
context = queue.context
# Arrange data transfer to card.
details_b = cl.Buffer(context, mf.READ_ONLY | mf.COPY_HOST_PTR,
hostbuf=call_details.buffer)
values_b = cl.Buffer(context, mf.READ_ONLY | mf.COPY_HOST_PTR,
hostbuf=values)
# Setup kernel function and arguments.
name = 'Iq' if self.dim == '1d' else 'Imagnetic' if magnetic else 'Iqxy'
kernel = self._model.get_function(name)
kernel_args = [
np.uint32(self.q_input.nq), # Number of inputs.
None, # Placeholder for pd_start.
None, # Placeholder for pd_stop.
details_b, # Problem definition.
values_b, # Parameter values.
self.q_input.q_b, # Q values.
self._result_b, # Result storage.
self._as_dtype(cutoff), # Probability cutoff.
np.uint32(radius_effective_mode), # R_eff mode.
]
# Call kernel and retrieve results.
#print("Calling OpenCL")
#call_details.show(values)
wait_for = None
last_nap = clock()
step = 1000000//self.q_input.nq + 1
for start in range(0, call_details.num_eval, step):
stop = min(start + step, call_details.num_eval)
#print("queuing",start,stop)
kernel_args[1:3] = [np.int32(start), np.int32(stop)]
wait_for = [kernel(queue, self.q_input.global_size, None,
*kernel_args, wait_for=wait_for)]
if stop < call_details.num_eval:
# Allow other processes to run.
wait_for[0].wait()
current_time = clock()
if current_time - last_nap > 0.5:
time.sleep(0.001)
last_nap = current_time
cl.enqueue_copy(queue, self.result, self._result_b, wait_for=wait_for)
#print("result", self.result)
# Free buffers.
details_b.release()
values_b.release()
[docs] def release(self):
# type: () -> None
"""
Release resources associated with the kernel.
"""
#print("release kernel", id(self))
if self.q_input is not None:
self.q_input.release()
self.q_input = None
if self._result_b is not None:
self._result_b.release()
self._result_b = None
[docs] def __del__(self):
# type: () -> None
#print("delete kernel", id(self))
self.release()